Sand casting is a manufacturing process where molten metal is poured into a disposable mold made of sand. The core steps include: pattern making, mold making, mold assembly, pouring, cooling and shakeout, cleaning, and fine processing. This process is suitable for all metal alloys and can produce complex structural components weighing from a few grams to several tons, such as engine blocks, pump housings, and valves. Due to its low mold cost and high flexibility, it is the most widely used casting method.
Although the basic principle of sand casting may seem simple, producing high-quality castings consistently requires a profound and comprehensive understanding. The following sections will systematically analyze the complete sand casting process, material types, key design elements, defect control methods, and more, providing a complete picture of this casting technology.
Introduction to Sand Casting
Sand casting is one of the oldest metal forming processes, with a history dating back to before 1000 BC. Thanks to its excellent flexibility and cost-effectiveness, it still accounts for over 60% of global metal casting production today.
Process Essence
The essence of sand casting is using the gaps between sand grains to form a temporary cavity that is permeable and possesses sufficient strength, thereby carrying and replicating the geometry of the metal part.
Under gravity, molten metal fills this cavity and solidifies from liquid to solid to fix the shape. Since the cavity must be destroyed to remove the casting, this process inherently belongs to the “disposable mold” forming method.
Main Advantages and Limitations
Advantages
• Wide Weight Range: Capable of producing castings from a few grams to hundreds of tons, covering the weight requirements of the vast majority of industrial products.
• Excellent Forming Capability: Complex internal cavities, curved surfaces, and irregular structures can be achieved through combined sand cores.
• Material Compatibility: Applicable to almost all engineering materials, including cast iron, cast steel, aluminum alloys, copper alloys, and more.
• Low Mold Cost: Wooden or resin patterns cost only 10%-30% of metal mold costs, significantly reducing initial investment.
• Fast Production Cycle: Typically only 2-4 weeks from drawing to qualified sample, much faster than the months required for metal mold manufacturing.
Limitations
• Low Dimensional Accuracy: Typical sand casting dimensional tolerances are CT8-CT10 grades, significantly lower than CT4-CT6 grades for precision casting.
• Average Surface Quality: Casting surface roughness Ra values are typically in the range of 12.5-50μm, requiring subsequent machining.
• High Defect Risk: Prone to casting defects such as gas porosity, shrinkage porosity, and sand holes during production, with relatively low quality stability.
• High Labor Dependency: Multiple steps, like pattern making, mold making, and mold assembling, still rely on the experience of skilled workers, with relatively low automation.
• Environmental Challenges: Specialized equipment investment is needed for used sand recycling, and dust control during production adds extra environmental costs.
Sand Casting Process Flow
Pattern Making
The pattern is the starting point of the process. It is a model similar in shape to the final part but dimensionally enlarged to compensate for metal shrinkage during cooling.
Pattern materials can be wood, resin, or metal, chosen based on production volume and service life requirements. Additionally, the pattern includes sections for forming the gating system (gates and risers).
Mold Making
First, the pattern is placed in a frame called the “flask.”Then, specially formulated molding sand is filled and compacted around it. The flask is typically divided into a top part (cope) and a bottom part (drag).
After removing the pattern, the cavity left in the sand mold becomes the future casting shape. For internal cavities of the part, “sand cores” pre-made from core sand are used.
The cross-section of a sand casting mold is shown below:
Sand Casting Mold
Mold Closing and Pouring
After uniformly coating the mold cavity surface with refractory paint, the cope and drag are precisely aligned, closed, and securely fastened using clamps or bolts to prevent metal leakage at the parting line.
Subsequently, molten metal at a precisely controlled temperature is poured steadily from the pouring cup, maintaining a continuous flow until the cavity, gating system, and risers are filled to ensure adequate feeding.
Cooling and Shakeout
After pouring, the casting enters a controlled cooling stage within the sand mold. The solidification time strictly depends on material properties, wall thickness distribution, and structural complexity.
After the metal completes phase transformation and solidification, the mold is broken up by vibrating shakeout machines or manually, achieving initial separation of the casting from the sand.
At this stage, the casting still has the complete gating and riser system and some adhering sand layer.
Cleaning and Finishing
Finally, gates, risers, flash, and residual sand are systematically removed by cutting and grinding. Shot blasting is then used to remove surface scale and improve appearance.
Depending on technical requirements, heat treatment might be needed to optimize material properties, or precision machining to achieve final dimensional tolerances. The casting is delivered after passing strict quality inspections.
The sand casting process flow is shown below:
Sand Casting Process Flow
Molding Materials: Sand, Binders, and Additives
Base Sand
• Silica Sand (SiO₂): The most widely used casting sand, abundant and cost-effective, with a refractoriness up to 1710°C, meeting the process requirements for most casting alloys like cast iron, cast aluminum, and ordinary cast steel.
• Zircon Sand: Offers excellent comprehensive properties, refractoriness over 2000°C, thermal conductivity twice that of silica sand, and very low thermal expansion, effectively preventing casting burn-on. Especially suitable for large cast steel parts and stainless steel castings.
• Chromite Sand: Known for its unique cooling characteristics, good thermal stability, and resistance to metal penetration. Often used in hot spots of steel castings to improve solidification sequence and prevent casting defects.
• Olivine Sand: An environmentally friendly molding material, free of free SiO₂, with a low thermal expansion coefficient and uniform thermal conductivity. It is gradually becoming an ideal substitute for silica sand in cast steel and alloy steel casting.
The four types of base sand commonly used in sand casting are shown below:
Base Sand for Sand Casting
Binders
Binders are the core of molding materials, acting to bond loose sand grains together to form sand molds or cores with sufficient strength. They are mainly divided into inorganic and organic categories based on their chemical properties.
Inorganic Binders
Bentonite
• Core Mechanism: Adsorbs water molecules, causing interlayer expansion, generating van der Waals forces and capillary action to physically bond sand grains.
• Characteristics: Must be used with water; bonding strength is closely related to moisture content; reusable and low cost; low gas evolution, but prone to failure at high temperatures.
• Application: Primarily used for high-volume production of cast iron and aluminum alloy castings; core component of green sand and dry sand molds.
Bentonite
Water Glass (Sodium Silicate)
• Core Mechanism: Chemically bonds sand grains by forming silica gel through carbonation reaction with CO₂ or esterification reaction with organic esters.
• Characteristics: Fast hardening speed, non-toxic and odorless; high mold strength but poor collapsibility; difficult to use sand reclamation, typically only 40-60% recovery rate.
• Application: Particularly suitable for single pieces and small-batch production of steel castings and large iron castings, widely used in mining machinery and heavy equipment manufacturing.
Organic Binders (Chemical Binders)
Furan Resin
• Core Mechanism: Furan rings undergo ring-opening polymerization catalyzed by acidic curing agents, forming a 3D network structure to cure.
• Characteristics: Fast hardening speed (work time 15-25 minutes); high final strength, tensile strength up to 1.0-1.5 MPa; nitrogen content may cause gas porosity.
• Application: Widely used for complex cores and molds in iron and steel casting, especially suitable for automotive and hydraulic components requiring high dimensional accuracy.
Phenolic Resin
• Core Mechanism: Under the action of ester curing agents or heat, the polycondensation products of phenol and formaldehyde are further crosslinked and cured.
• Characteristics: High hot strength retention (over 85%); low gas evolution (<12 mL/g); forms a carbon skeleton after curing, resistant to metal erosion.
• Application: Mainly used for structurally complex steel castings with varying wall thicknesses, such as hydraulic valve bodies and pump housings requiring high strength.
Alkaline Phenolic Resin
• Core Mechanism: Polycondensation of phenol and formaldehyde in an alkaline environment, curing through self-setting.
• Characteristics: pH maintained at 10-12, free formaldehyde content <0.1%; no irritating odor during hardening; used sand reclamation rate up to 80%.
• Application: Suitable for high-quality castings like alloy steel and stainless steel, especially for modern foundries with strict workshop environment requirements.
Additives
• Coal Dust (2-5%): Forms a reducing gas barrier under high-temperature metal, preventing oxidation and mold surface sintering, significantly improving surface finish and preventing burn-on.
Coal Dust
• Starch-Based Materials (0.5-1%): As a natural binder, it significantly enhances the wet strength and toughness of sand, enhancing mold resistance to liquid metal erosion, and effectively reduces casting defects such as sand flushing and sand inclusion.
• Wood Dust(1-2% ): As a combustible additive, burns and volatilizes at high temperatures, creating voids in the sandmold, enhancing mold collapsibility, allowing free deformation during solidification shrinkage, effectively preventing hot tearing.
• Iron Oxide Powder (1-3%): Increases inert content, reduces gas evolution, effectively prevents internal porosity, and improves surface quality, especially for steel castings.
• Special Functional Additives: Zircon powder, for preventing burn-on and improving sand refractoriness; plasticizers, for improving sand flowability; cure modifiers, for controlling hardening speed; selected based on specific needs.
Tooling and Equipment
Pattern Types
• Integrated Pattern: A one-piece structure made of high-quality wood or plastic, with a short production cycle (2-5 days) and the lowest cost, suitable for small-batch production of simple geometries and annual output below 100 pieces.
• Separate Pattern: Precision-machined from aluminum alloy or resin materials, equipped with precise positioning pins, with parting surface error controlled within±0.2mm, suitable for medium-batch castings with complex curved surfaces such as engine blocks.
• Template Pattern: Made with a high-strength ductile iron base plate, with a surface hardness of HB180-220 and a service life of over 500,000 cycles, specifically designed for large-scale production on automated molding lines for automotive parts.
• Double-Sided Patterns: Based on a modular design concept, using a quick-clamping mechanism, pattern changes can be completed within 15 minutes, enabling flexible production of multiple casting varieties.
Molding Equipment
• Molding Machine: Employs pneumatic impact or hydraulic compaction technology to manufacture sand molds, ensuring uniform hardness of 75-90 units. A single machine can produce over 500 molds per day.
• Sand Mixing Device: Utilizes a high-speed mixing mechanism of 800-1200 rpm to uniformly mix all components of the molding sand within 2-3 minutes, achieving a mixing uniformity of over 95%.
Sand Handling Equipment
• Shakeout Equipment: Utilizes a variable frequency vibration system to achieve rapid separation of castings and molding sand, with a processing capacity of 20-50 tons/hour.
• Magnetic Separation Device: Employs a magnetic separation system with a magnetic flux density of over 1500 Gauss, removing over 95% of metallic inclusions.
• Cooling Device: Employs counter-current cooling technology to reduce the temperature of regenerated sand from 300℃ to below 50℃ within 15 minutes.
• Screening System: Precisely controls the particle size of regenerated sand through a three-layer screen, ensuring a particle size distribution of 50-140 mesh.
Alloys Suitable for Sand Casting
Non-Ferrous Alloys
Aluminum Alloys
• Reasons: Moderate melting point (660-700℃), minimal thermal shock to sand molds; excellent fluidity allows for perfect replication of thin-walled structures≤3mm; high solids ratio makes it less prone to hot cracking defects.
• Common Grades: A356 (T6 heat treatment), ZL104, ZL101A, ADC12, AlSi7Mg, AlSi10Mg, etc.
• Applications: EV motor housings, aircraft engine casings, hydraulic valve blocks, high-speed train brake components, UAV frames, etc.
Cast Aluminum Alloy
Copper Alloys
• Reasons: The heat storage coefficient of sand molds matches the solidification characteristics of copper alloys, avoiding cold shut defects; multiple complex flow channels can be achieved through combined sand cores; suitable for casting sizes ranging from a few kilograms to tens of tons.
• Common Grades: ZCuSn10Zn2、ZCuAl10Fe3、ZCuZn38、H62、H68、C86300, etc.
• Applications: Marine propellers, seawater valve bodies, metallurgical rolls, large bearing housings, chemical pump bodies, power equipment connectors, etc.
Cast Copper Alloy
Magnesium Alloys
• Reasons: Furan resin sand can effectively isolate air, preventing the combustion of molten magnesium; the addition of the protective agent can ensure the stable production of sand mold; its strength-to-weight ratio exceeds that of aluminum alloys, making it suitable for lightweight critical components.
• Common Grades: AZ91D、AM60B、AM50A、WE43、ZK61、AZ3, etc。
• Application: Aircraft engine gearboxes, missile casings, portable device frames, racing car wheels, camera bodies, laptop casings, etc.
Cast Magnesium Alloy
Zinc Alloy
• Reasons: A casting temperature of 400-450℃ causes minimal damage to the sand mold, maintaining dimensional stability after natural aging. Additionally, its surface can be electroplated, combining functionality and aesthetics.
• Common Grades: ZA-8、ZA-27、ZA-12、ZnAl4Cu1、ZnAl4Cu3、AG40, etc.
• Applications: Architectural hardware, precision instrument bases, bathroom accessories, lock housings, automotive door handles, electronic housings, etc.
Cast Zinc Alloy
Ferrous Alloys
Cast Iron
• Reasons: Graphite expansion can compensate for solidification shrinkage, reducing riser requirements. The sand mold chilling effect is controllable, ensuring a suitable graphite morphology. Yielding properties prevent hot cracking, making them suitable for frame structures.
• Common Grades: HT250、HT300、QT450-10、QT600-3、RuT300、RuT380, etc.
• Applications: Wind turbine spindles, hydraulic integrated blocks, injection molding machine templates, engine exhaust pipes, machine tool beds, automotive braking systems, etc.
The five commonly used types of cast iron are shown below:
5 Types of Cast Iron
Cast Steel
• Reasons: Only mold type that can withstand ≥1650°C cast steel pouring; surface quality controllable with special basesands like chromitesand; adaptable to a full range from carbon steel to high-alloy steel.
• Common Grades: ZG200-400、ZG270-500、ZG1Cr13、ZG0Cr18Ni9、ZG35Cr1Mo、ZG42Cr1Mo, etc.
• Applications: Waterturbine runners, nuclear spent fuel casks, mold steel bases, mining crusher liners, petroleum valve bodies, pressure vessels, etc.
Core Design Rules for Sand Casting
Following the key design rules below before submitting drawings to the foundry can significantly improve castability, reduce costs, and avoid quality defects.
Setting Draft Angle
• Design Points: Design a slight tilt angle on the wall that is perpendicular to the mold parting surface.
• Why It’s Important: Proper draft angle ensures easy pattern removal from sand, avoiding sand drag or mold damage. Lack of draft angle increases removal force, potentially damaging the pattern and causing casting defects like sticky sand and dimensional deviation.
• Suggestions: Typically, the draft angle for the outer wall is 1°-2°, and for the inner wall, it’s 2°-3°. Increasing the draft angle appropriately, without affecting functionality, facilitates demolding.
Draft Angle Design
Maintain Uniform Wall Thickness
• Design Points: Ensure the wall thickness remains consistent throughout the entire part as much as possible.
• Why It’s Important: Uneven wall thickness leads to differences in solidification rates. Thicker areas (hot spots) solidify last but do not receive sufficient feeding, resulting in internal defects such as shrinkage porosity, severely impacting the mechanical properties of the casting.
• Suggestions: When variations in wall thickness are unavoidable, use a smooth slope of ≥30° to transition and avoid abrupt changes in cross-section.
Wall Thickness Design
Replace Sharp Corners with Rounded Corners
• Design Points: Design all sharp corners and internal corners as rounded corners.
• Why It’s Important:
• Reduce Stress: Sharp corners are stress concentration points, easily leading to cracks when castings cool or are subjected to stress.
• Improve Fluidity: Rounded corners allow molten metal to flow more smoothly, better filling the mold and avoiding defects such as cold shuts.
• Increase Strength: Rounded corner design results in more even stress distribution, improving the load-bearing capacity of parts.
• Suggestions: The internal rounded corner radius should ideally be no less than 1/3 of the wall thickness; the external rounded corner radius can be the sum of the internal rounded corner radius and the wall thickness.
Rounded Corner Design
Optimizing Parting Line Location
• Design Points: The parting line is the plane where the cope and drag halves of the flask meet.
• Why It’s Important: A simple, straight parting line simplifies mold structure, ensures closing accuracy, and minimizes flash. A Complex parting line will significantly increase mold cost and subsequent cleaning effort.
• Suggestions: Prioritize placing the parting line on the plane of the part’s largest contour, keeping it a straight line or a regular curved surface, avoiding stepped or complex curved parting lines.
Parting Line Design
Common Sand Casting Defects, Causes, and Control Methods
Shrinkage Porosity
Defect Causes
• Significant volume contraction during liquid metal solidification (Cast iron ~1.0-1.5%, Cast steel ~2.0-2.5%, Aluminum alloys up to 4.0-6.0%).
• Hot spots form in thick sections; premature solidification of feeding channels or insufficient feeding distance prevents adequate liquid metal compensation.
• Improper casting temperature control: Excessively high casting temperatures will widen the solidification temperature range and exacerbate the metal’s shrinkage tendency.
Control Methods
• Using fibrous insulating riser covering agent effectively reduces heat loss from the riser area by more than 40%, extending the feeding time.
• Appropriately place chills at hot spots; the chill thickness should be controlled within the range of 0.8-1.2 times the diameter of the hot spot.
• Strictly calculate and design riser dimensions according to the modulus method, ensuring that the riser modulus is at least 1.2 times the casting modulus.
Shrinkage Porosity
Gas Porosity
Defect Causes
• Excessive gas absorption during smelting. Aluminum has a high hydrogen solubility (>0.3 ml/100g), and cast iron and steel also absorb hydrogen, nitrogen, and other gases.
• Moisture content in molding sand exceeding 5.0% or gas evolution of resin sand exceeding 25 ml/g, which will generate a large amount of gas upon heating.
• Insufficient sand core baking or inadequate venting holes, gases trapped inside the casting due to obstructed escape paths.
Control Methods
• Argon rotary degassing is used during raw material smelting, with a processing time of 10-15 minutes and a stable rotation speed of 300-400 rpm.
• The moisture content of the molding sand is strictly controlled to not exceed 4.5%, and the amount of furan resin added is limited to less than 1.5% to reduce gas generation.
• At least two venting risers are installed per square meter of sand mold, with riser diameters maintained at 20-30 mm to ensure sufficient venting.
Gas Porosity
Sand Holes
Defect Causes
• The green compressive strength of the molding sand is below 0.12 MPa, and the sand particles are easily detached and drawn into the mold cavity under the impact of the molten metal.
• Improper design of the gating system resulted in a molten metal flow velocity exceeding 1.5 m/s, causing severe erosion of the sand mold surface.
• Inadequate refractory coating thickness (<0.2mm) or poor adhesion fails to protect sand, causing sand particle spalling.
Control Methods
• Precisely control the green compressive strength of the molding sand within the range of 0.15-0.18 MPa, and maintain the bentonite content between 7-9%.
• Ensure uniform hardness of 85-90 units across all parts of the sand mold, with the hardness difference between measuring points controlled within 5 units.
• Apply a double-coat layer of zircon powder coating to ensure a final coating thickness of 0.3-0.5 mm meets protective requirements.
Sand Holes
Hot Tearing
Defect Causes
• The strength and plasticity of the casting drop sharply to their lowest values within the solidus temperature range.
• The solidification shrinkage process is mechanically hindered by insufficient core collapsibility or excessive structural rigidity of the casting.
• Stress concentration areas, such as sharp corner transitions and abrupt wall thickness changes, develop intergranular cracks under thermal stress.
Control Methods
• Adding 1-2% 3-5mm pine wood dust to the sand core mixture significantly improves the core’s collapsibility.
• Design the inner corner radius to be half the maximum adjacent wall thickness, and correspondingly increase the outer corner radius by the wall thickness.
• Strictly control the unpacking temperature of cast steel parts below 400℃, and the unpacking temperature of cast iron parts not exceeding 500℃.
Hot Tearing
Cold Shuts
Defect Causes
• When the pouring temperature is more than 50°C below the liquidus line, the fluidity of the molten metal deteriorates significantly; for example, below 1300°C for cast iron and below 650°C for cast aluminum.
• An insufficiently designed gating system cross-sectional area results in a filling speed below 10 cm/s; continuous filling cannot be guaranteed.
• The oxide film on the surface of the previous molten metal hinders the fusion of subsequent liquid flows, forming a discontinuous interface.
Control Methods
• Increase the pouring temperature to 30-80℃ above the alloy liquidus line; control the temperature for cast iron at 1350-1420℃ and for cast aluminum at 680-750℃.
• Increase the total cross-sectional area of the gate to 1.2-1.5 times the original design, significantly improving the filling speed.
• Adopt an open gating system, strictly controlling the cross-sectional area ratio of the sprue/runner/gate area at (1.3-1.5):(1.1-1.3):1.
Cold Shuts
Sticky Sand
Defect Causes
• When the static pressure of molten metal exceeds 0.05 MPa, its permeability increases, easily penetrating the gaps between sand grains and forming a mechanically sticky.
• When the gap size between sand particles exceeds 0.1 mm, sufficient channel space is provided for the penetration of molten metal.
• Insufficient surface hardness of the sand mold leads to decreased resistance to penetration, making it unable to effectively resist molten metal intrusion.
Control Methods
• Use 70/140 mesh silica sand as raw material, ensuring a three-sieve concentration of over 85% to control sand particle distribution.
• Use a sand mold hardness tester for comprehensive testing, ensuring that the hardness at each measuring point reaches a standard of 85 units or higher.
• Apply chromium mineral powder coating to form an effective isolation layer, strictly controlling the coating thickness within the 1-2mm protective range.
Sticky Sand
Deformation
Defect Causes
• Wall thickness differences exceeding 2 times in different areas of the casting lead to significant differences in cooling rates, resulting in uneven thermal stress.
• Castings with an aspect ratio greater than 3:1 lack rigidity and are prone to warping under residual stress.
• Excessively high mold opening temperature causes plastic deformation of the casting under significant residual stress.
Control Methods
• Install a grid-like reinforcing rib structure in thin-walled areas, with the rib thickness strictly controlled to 0.6-0.8 times the wall thickness.
• Reserve 0.5-0.8% dimensional allowance in the opposite direction of deformation during the mold design phase as anti-deformation compensation.
• Strictly control the mold opening temperature below 300℃ and implement a stress-relief annealing process at 550℃ for 3 hours.
Deformation
Applications of Sand Casting
• Automotive Industry: Engine blocks, cylinder heads, crankshafts, transmission cases, steering gear housings, brake caliper bodies.
• Heavy Machinery: Large pump casings, valve bodies, gearboxes, machine tool bases, hydraulic manifolds, bearing housings.
• Aerospace: Engine casings, turbine housings, landing gear components, missile casings, aerospace structures.
• Power Equipment: Hydraulic turbine runners, generator end shields, transformer tanks, nuclear spent fuel casks.
• General Machinery: Compressor housings, reducer housings, hydraulic valve blocks, connecting flanges, drive hubs.
• Rail Transit: Locomotive bogies, brake discs, coupler components, rail clamps, signal equipment boxes.
• Marine Engineering: Ship propellers, rudder components, chain wheels, seawater valve bodies, thruster components.
Common parts produced by sand casting across various industries are shown below:
Sand Casting Parts
Comparison with Other Casting Processes
The table below compares key characteristics of sand casting with other main casting processes:
|
Characteristic |
Sand Casting | Die Casting | Investment Casting | Centrifugal Casting | Lost Foam Casting |
| Mold/Tooling Cost | Very Low | Very High | Medium to High | Medium |
Low to Medium |
|
Production Volume |
Small to Medium Batch | Mass Production | Small to Medium Batch | Medium to Mass Production | Small to Mass Production |
| Part Size | Very Wide (g to tons) | Small to Medium | Small | Tubular, Annular Parts |
Small to Medium |
|
Dimensional Accuracy |
Low (CT10-13) | High (CT6-8) | Very High (CT4-6) | Depends on Process | High (CT7-9) |
| Surface Roughness | Ra 12.5-25μm | Ra 1.6-6.3μm | Ra 1.6-3.2μm | Ra 6.3-12.5μm |
Ra 6.3-12.5μm |
|
Material Suitability |
Very Wide (Most Alloys) | Non-ferrous (Al, Zn, Mg…) | Most Alloys | Steel, Iron, Cu-alloys | Iron, Al, Steel |
| Min. Wall Thickness | ≥ 3mm | ≥ 2mm | ≥ 0.8mm | ≥ 5mm |
≥ 2.5mm |
|
Production Cycle (with tooling) |
Relatively Short | Very Short | Long | Short | Relatively Short |
|
Complex Internal Cavities |
Capable, using cores | Limited | Excellent, no parting line | Not Applicable | Excellent, no parting line |
Comparison Table of Main Casting Processes
Conclusion
Sand casting has established its unshakable position in manufacturing due to its unparalleled flexibility, cost-effectiveness, and adaptability to a wide range of materials.
Its core principles remain consistent from ancient bronze artifacts to modern automotive engine components.
As a professional aluminum casting manufacturer, CEX Casting combines this ancient craft with modern technical innovation, specializing in providing high-quality aluminum castings for global customers.
We possess complete technical capabilities from mold design to post-processing, ensuring every casting meets strict customer quality standards.
If you are seeking a supplier for your aluminum casting project, please feel free to contact us for professional technical advice and free quotations.